More deliberately organized and planned than speech (Ochs 1979 Rubin 1980 Akinnaso 1982 Brown and Yule 1983 Gumperz et al. prepared talk or writing, there are no unplanned stops, no off-the-cuff. Less personally involved than speech and more detached and abstract than speech (Blankenship 1974 Chafe 1982 Chafe and Danielewicz 1986) Ĭharacterized by a higher concentration of new information than speech (Stubbs 1980 Kroch and Hindle 1982 Brown and Yule 1983) and documenting how discourse marker use changes across technological settings. More decontextualized, or autonomous, than speech, so that it is less dependent on shared situation or background knowledge (Kay 1977 Olson 1977) More explicit than speech, in that it has complete idea units with all assumptions and logical relations encoded in the text (DeVito 1966 1967 Olson 1977) More structurally complex and elaborate than speech, indicated by features such as longer sentences or T-units and a greater use of subordination (O'Donnell et al. Many studies also offer overall linguistic characterizations of speech and writing. studies mainly investigate variations of authorial stance realisations across sections of the main research article, with no attention paid to different. Although a variety of approaches has been adopted, the shared goal of most previous studies has been to identify specific linguistic features that distinguish between the two modes. There is a long history of research on the linguistic characterization of speech and writing.
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